Rabu, 30 September 2009

PENENTUAN SECARA POTENSIOMETRK EDTA / NTA DALAM DETERGEN DG ALAT TITRINO / TITROPROCESSOR

Peralatan
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes =
6.0502.140 Cu2+ sensitive indicator electrode; input 1
6.0726.100 Ag/AgCl double junction reference electrode (KNO
3 sat.)

Pereaksi
c
(Cu2+) = 0.01 mol/L; D0

Sample
10 mL sample solution
10 mL buffer pH = 9.6 [
c(NH3/NH4NO3) = 1 mol/L]
2 mL
c(Na2EDTA) = 0.01 mol/L
30 mL dist. Water

Remarks
Perhitungan
:

EDTA=(EP1-C01)*C02*C03/C00;2;%
NTA=(EP1-C01)*C02*C04/C00;2;%

EDTA = content of EDTA in %
NTA = content of NTA in %
C01 = amount of EDTA/NTA added (2 mL)
C02 = factor for % (100)
C03 = 1 mL
c(Cu2+) = 0.01 mol/L = 2.9225 mg EDTA
C04 = 1 mL
c(Cu2+) = 0.01 mol/L = 1.9114 mg NTA

Answer

EDTA = (3.004-2.00) x 100 x 2.9225 / 82.63 = 3.55 %
NTA = (3.004-2.00) x 100 x 1.9114 / 82.63 = 2.32 %

EP1 = 3.004 mL
C00 = 82.63 mg

Sample preparation:

Dissolve 0.5 ... 1 g detergent in 50 mL dist. water at 40 °C. Allow solution to cool and add up to 100 mL. Select the appropriate formula. The other may be deleted. Na2EDTA is added to get a greater break. Treat the amount of Na2EDTA added like a blank value.

Literature
Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 143: Potentiometric determination of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and/or ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) in detergents.

PENENTUAN SECARA POTENSIOMETRIK 2-AMINOPHENOL DG ALAT TITRINO / TITROPROCESSOR

Peralatan
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes =
6.0431.100 Pt Titrode; input 1

Pereaksi
c
(NaNO2) = 0.2 mol/L; D0

Sample
app. 0.3 ... 0.35 g sample (2-aminophenol)
10 mL
w(HBr) = 0.20 (20%)
30 mL dist. Water

Remarks
Determination reaction
:

H+

R-NH2 + HNO2 + HBr →[R-NN+]Br- + 2 H2O

Perhitungan:

Content=EP1*C01*C02*C03/C00;2;%

Content = content of 2-aminophenol in %
C01 = molecular mass of 2-aminophenol (109.13 g/mol)
C02 = factor for conversion mL to L, and for % (0.001*100=0.1)
C03 = concentration of titrating agent (0.2 mol/L)
Enter the appropriate molecular mass for other amines (C01).
Instead of the Pt Titrode the 6.0420.100 combined Pt electrode can be used.

. Answer

Content = 14.396 x 109.13 x 0.1 x 0.2 / 0.3188 = 98.56 %

EP1 = 14.396 mL
C00 = 0.3188 g

Literature

Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 228: Diazotisation titrations

PENENTUAN LIPASE DENGAN ALAT TITRINO / TITROPROCESSOR

Peralatan
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes =
6.0233.100 combined pH glass electrode; input 1
6.1110.100 T sensor

Pereaksi
c
(NaOH) = 0.1 mol/L; D0

Sample
29.5 mL substrate emulsion
0.5 mL enzyme solution

Remarks
Pancreas lipase is determined using a TIP method: The pH is adjusted to 9.20 with a pretitration (LipPre), then the sample is addedand the pH kept at 9 during 5 minutes (LipDeter). The determination is carried out in a thermostated titration vessel (e.g. 6.1418.220) at 37 °C.

Perhitungan:

FIP=C70*C31/C00;1;U/mg

LipStd
Factor = calculation factor
FIP = activity of the reference standard in FIP units/mg.
C01 = declared activity of FIP standard (36.2)
C02 = 1000*concentration of titrating agent (100)
C70 = mean rate from LipDeter
LipSmpl1)
FIP = activity of the sample in FIP units/mg.
C30 = calculation factor from LipStd
C70 = mean rate from LipDeter
LipSmpSC2)
FIP = Aativity of the sample in FIP units/mg.
C31 = calculation factor from silo calculation of LipStd
C70 = mean rate from LipDeter
1): Delete the following assignments in method „LipStd“:
. in key , >silo calculations, C24=RS1 and C25=RS2
. in key , >common variables, C31=C26
2): Delete the following assignment in method „LipStd“:
. in key , >common variables, C30=MN1

Solution of Arabic gum:
Dissolve 100 g Arabic gum in 1000 mL dist. water. Centrifuge until the solution is clear (app. 10 minutes with 4000 r/min). This solution can be kept several weeks if frozen in portions.

Substrate standard solution:
Add 165 mL Arabic gum solution, 20 mL olive oil (BP 73) and 15 mLdist. water and cool it in ice to 5 °C. Homogenize with an electric mixer during 30 minutes. The temperature of the solution should never rise above 30 °C. This solution can be kept up to 14 days in a refrigerator. Always homogenize the emulsion before use.

Substrate emulsion:

Stir 100 mL substrate standard solution, 80 mL TRIS buffer solution, 20 mL sodium taurocholate and 95 mL dist. water. This solution must be prepared daily.

TRIS buffer solution:
Dissolve 60.6 mg Tris(hydroxymethyl)-amino methane (C4H11NO3) and 234.0 mg sodium chloride in dist. water and fill up to 100 mL. This solution can be kept up to 3 days in a refrigerator.

Sodium taurocholate solution:
Dissolve 4.0 g sodium taurocholate (F.I.P. controlled) in dist. Water and fill up to 50 mL.

Enzyme solvent

Dissolve 10.0 g sodium chloride, 6.06 g Tris(hydroxymethyl)-amino methane and maleic acid anhydride (C4H2O3) in 900 mL dist. water. Adjust pH to 7.0 with 4N NaOH (app. 13 mL) and fill up to 1000 mL. This solution can be kept up to 3 days in a refrigerator.

Sample preparation:
Dissolve the enzyme in the enzyme solvent. The solution should contain between 8 and 16 FIP Units per mL.

Comments to parameters:

LipDeter Time windows for rate evaluation. Monitoring of rate and temperature is ON: the rate should be kept in the range of 0.08...0.16 mL/min, the temperature in 0.1°C. LipStd, LipSmpl, LipSmpSC T may be measured with .


Literature

B. Stellmach, Bestimmungsmethoden Enzyme, Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt, 1988, p. 263

PENENTUAN TRYPSIN DG TITRINO / TITROPROCESSOR

Peralatan
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes = 6.0234.100 combined micro pH glass electrode; input 1
6.1110.100 T sensor

Pereaksi

c(NaOH) = 0.1 mol/L in a 1 mL exchange unit; D0

Sample
10 mL borate buffer solution pH = 8.0
1 mL substrate solution
0.05 mL enzyme solution

Remarks

Trypsin is an enzyme which is determined using a TIP method: The pH is adjusted to 8.00 with a pretitration (TrypsPre), then the sample is added and the pH kept at 8 during 8 minutes (TrypsDet). The determination is carried out in a thermostated titration vessel (e.g.6.9914.023 with 6.2036.000 holding ring) at 25 °C.

Perhitungan:

FIP = calculation using the final volume, according to FIP. Result in FIP units/mg.
FIP(reg) = calculation using the mean rate. Result in FIP units/mg. *)
C01 = (factor for mLL) * (concentration of reagent)(100)
C02 = determination time = 8 minutes
C70 = final volume from TrypsDet
C71 = mean rate from TrypsDet

*) The calculation using the mean rate is fundamentally different form the FIP method (final volume / time). The mean rate is calculated by linear regression over all measuring points of the list. If you wish to use only the linear part of the curve for the regression, use a start time of app. 30 s in the method “TrypsDet“. If one of the formulas is not used, you may delete it.

Sample preparation:

Dissolve the enzyme in c(HCl) = 0.001 mol/L. The solution should not contain more than 50 FIP Units per mL.

Substrate solution:

Dissolve 171.3 mg N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethylester hydrochloride in dist. water and fill up to 25 mL.

Borate buffer solution pH = 8.00:
Dissolve 286.0 mg Disodiumtetraborate-decahydrate and 1.47 g Calciumchloride-dihydrate in 400 mL dist. water, set the pH with c
(HCl) = 1 mol/L to 8.00 and fill up with dist. water to 500 mL.

Comments to parameters:

TrypsDetMonitoring of pH and temperature is ON: pH should be kept in the range of 0.1, the temperature in 0.1°C. Trypsin T may be measured with .


Literature

B. Stellmach, Bestimmungsmethoden Enzyme, Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt, 1988, p. 263

Kamis, 10 September 2009

Penentuan Antacid dlm tablet

Peralatan
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes =
6.0233.100 combined pH glass electrode; input 1
6.1110.100 T sensor

Pereaksi
c
(HCl) = 1.0 mol/L; D0

Sample
25 mL dist. water
1 drop c(NaOH) = 0.1 mol/L
0.268 g Antacid Trigastril (or 0.2-0.4 g)

Remarks
Method to determine the efficiency of tablets against an excess of acid in the stomach. Use a TIP method for the determination: The pH is adjusted to 3 with a pretitration (AntacPre), then the sample is added and the pH kept at 3 during 30 minutes (AntacDet). The determination is carried out in a thermostated titration vessel (e.g.6.1418.220) at 37 °C. You may have to adjust the control parameters of the submethod “AntacDet“ according to your sample. The given parameters are optimized for products which release their base slowly (rate app. 100 L/min).

perhitungan:

Acid cap=C70*C01/C00;3;mmol/g

acid cap = acid capacity in mmol/g
C01 = concentration of titrating agent (1 mol/L)

Jawaban

Acid cap = 3.218 x 1 /0.268 = 12.008 mmol/g

C00= 0.268
C01= 1
C70= 3.218

Sample preparation:
Pulverize the tablet and weigh it exactly. Rinse the powder with 20 mL of pretitrated solution (pH=3) into the titration vessel during the request “Add smpl & start“ and titrate immediately.

Literature
N.J. Kerkhoff et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66, 1528-1535 (1977)

Penentuan Na+ / Cl- dalam lart Isotonik dg alat titrino/titroprocessor

Peralatan
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes =
6.0430.100 Ag Titrode; input 1

Pereaksi
c
(AgNO3) = 0.1 mol/L; D0

Sample
5 mL sample solution (153 mmol/L Na+ / Cl-)
2 mL
c(HNO3) = 2 mol/L
30 mL dist. water

Remarks
· Perhitungan
:

Na+Cl-=EP1*C01*C02/C00;2;mmol/l

Na+Cl- = concentration of Na+ / Cl- in isotonic solution in mmol/L
C01 = concentration of titrating agent (0.1 mol/L)
C02 = factor for conversion mol/L Þ mmol/L (1000)

. Jawaban

Na+Cl- = 7.652 x 0.1 x 1000 / 5.00 = 153.04 mmol/L

EP1 = 7.652 ml
C00 = 5 mL

Literature
· Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 130: Chloride titrations with
potentiometric end-point indication.

Penentuan vitamin C dg alat Titrino / Titroprocessor

Peralatan
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes =
6.0309.100 double Pt sheet electrode; input Pol
polarized Ipol = 1 mA
Voltametric indication

Pereaksi
c
(DPIP) = 0.001 mol/L; D0
2,6-Dichlorophenol indophenol

Sample
5 mL sample solution
Dissolve 1 effervescent vitamin C tablet in 1 L dist. water
15 mL oxalic acid solution 1 g/L
1 mL w(sodium acetate) = 0.10 (10%)
10 mL dist. Water

Remarks
·
Perhitungan:

Vit.C=EP1*C01*C02*C03;0;mg/pc
Vit.C=EP1*C01*C02/C00;4;g/l

Vit.C = content of Vitamin C in mg/pc (tablet)
Vit.C = content of Vitamin C in g/L
C01 = mg Vitamin C / 1 mL titrating agent (0.088)
C02 = factor of titrating agent (1.00)
C03 = dilution factor (200)

. Jawaban

Vit.C = 15.291 x 0.088 x 1.00 x 200 = 269 mg/pc
Vit.C = 15.291 x 0.088 x 1.00 / 5.00 = 0.2691 g/L

EP1 = 15.291 mL
C00 = 5.00 mL

· Titrating agent:
Dissolve 295 mg 2,6-Dichlorophenol indophenol with vigorous agitation in 1 L dist. water, then filter and mix with 100 mg sodium bicarbonate.
This solution can be stored in the refrigerator for about 1 month, the factor should be checked daily with standard ascorbic acid. (As a titrating agent, the more readily soluble sodium salt may be used instead.)

· Standard solution:
r
(Vitamin C) = 500 mg/L
Dissolve 50 mg ascorbic acid in oxalic acid solution (1 g/L) and make up to 100 mL. This solution should be freshly prepared daily.

· Sample preparation:
Place dist. water, oxalic acid solution and sodium acetate buffer in the titration vessel and deaerate by passing a stream of nitrogen for 3...5 min. Then add a quantity of sample or standard solution containing about 0.05...0.5 mg vitamin C. Now titrate under nitrogen with titrating agent.
· Store electrode in acidified Na2S2O3 solution.
· Select the appropriate formula. The other may be deleted.
· The 6.0431.100 Pt Titrode may be used together with mode MET U.

Literature
· Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 98: Determination of ascorbic acid
(Vitamin C) and its compounds.

Penentuan angka iodium dg alat Titrino / Titroprocessor

Peralatan
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes =
6.0431.100 Pt Titrode; input 1

Pereaksi
c
(Na2S2O3) = 0.1 mol/L; D0

Sample
app. 0.5 g sunflower oil
15 mL CCl4
25 mL
c(ICl) = 0.1 mol/L (according to Wijs in glacial acetic acid / CCl4,
e.g. Merck No. 9163)
10 mL
w(Hg acetate) = 0.025 (2.5%) in glacial acetic acid
15 mL
w(KI) = 0.10 (10%)
30-50 mL dist. water

Remarks
·
Perhitungan:

Iod.No=(C01-EP1)*C02/C00;2;g/100g

Iod.No = iodine number in g iodine / 100 g sample
C01 = consumption of blank sample (0 mL)
C02 = molecular mass of I * concentration titrating agent * 100g
sample / factor mL -> L (126.9 * 0.1 *100/1000 = 1.269)

. Jawaban

Iod.No = (0 – 6.149) x 1.269 / 0.5204 = 104.61 g/100g

EP1 = 6.149 mL
C00 = 0.5204 g

· Sample preparation:
According to the expected iodine number, weigh out 0.10 ... 1.00 g of the sample in an Erlenmeyer flask and add 15 mL CCl4.
Add 25 mLiodine monochloride solution and add 10 mL mercuric acetate solution, mix and allow to stand for 5 min. in a dark place.
Then add 15 mL KI solution, rinse into a beaker with dist. water and back-titrate the excess iodine with sodium thiosulphate.
A blank control sample should be prepared and treated in the same way. Enter the blank value as C01.
· You may add a solution of w(Mg-acetate) = 0.03 (3%) instead of the Hg-acetate solution.
· The sample must be stirred well during the titration, in order to obtain a good emulsion.

Literature
· Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 141: Analysis of edible oils and fats.

Penentuan angka asam dg alat Titrino / titroprocessor

Peralatan
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes =
6.0133.100 pH glass electrode; input 1
6.0726.100 Ag/AgCl double junction reference electrode
(LiCl sat. in ethanol)

Pereaksi
c
(NaOH) = 0.1 mol/L; D0

Sample
app. 5-10 g sunflower oil
50 mL ethanol / diethylether (1 : 1), neutralized

Remarks
·
Calculations:

Acid.No=EP1*C01/C00;2;mg/g
FFA=RS1*C02/C03;2;

Acid.No = acid number in mg KOH per g of sample
FFA = free fatty acid
C01 = mg KOH / 1 mL titrating agent (5.61)
C02 = relative molecular mass (282 for oleic acid)
C03 = factor (561)

. Jawaban

Acid.No = 0.150 x 5.61 / 10.3223 = 0.08 mg/g
FFA = 0.08 x 282 / 561 = 0.04

RS1 = 0.08
EP1 = 0.150 mL
C00 = 10.3223 g

Literature
· Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 141: Analysis of edible oils and fats.

Senin, 07 September 2009

Penentuan angka saponifikasi (Saponification Number) dg alat titrino/titroprocessor

Peralatan
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes =
6.0232.100 combined pH glass electrode; input 1

Pereaksi
c
(HCl) = 1 mol/L; D0

Sample
app. 2 g sunflower oil
25 mL
c(KOH) = 0.5 mol/L in ethanol
app. 10-20 mL dist. water

Remarks
·
Calculations:

Sapon.No=(C01-EP1)*C02/C00;1;mg/g

Sapon.No = saponification number in mg KOH per g of sample
C01 = consumption of blank sample (12.199 mL)
C02 = mg KOH / 1 mL titrating agent (56.1)

. Answer

Sapon.No = (12.199-5.271) x 56.1 / 2.0224 = 192.2 mg/g

EP1 = 5.271 mL
C00 = 2.0224 g

· Sample preparation:
Weigh out approx. 2 g sample in a round-bottomed flask. Add 25 mL alcoholic KOH solution plus a few boiling beads and allow to boil lightly for at least 30 min. Shake from time to time. Finally rinse the content of the round-bottomed flask into a beaker with a small quantity of dist. water and back titrate the excess of potassium hydroxide with HCl. A blank control sample should be prepared and
treated identically. Enter the blank value as C01.


Literature
· Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 141: Analysis of edible oils and fats.

Penentuan angka peroksida dg alat titrino/titroprocessor

Equipment
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes =
6.0431.100 Pt Titrode; input 1

Reagents
c
(Na2S2O3) = 0.01 mol/L; D0
Prepared daily from
c = 0.1 mol/L

Sample
app. 5 g sunflower oil
50 mL glacial acetic acid / chloroform (3 : 2)
1 mL KI saturate
100 mL dist. water

Remarks
·
Calculations:

Perox.No=(EP1-C01)*C02/C00;2;meq/kg

Perox.No = peroxide number in meq.O2/kg
C01 = consumption of blank sample (0 mL)
C02 = factor (10)

. Answer

Perox.No = 0.8874 x 10 / 5.0188 = 1.77 meq/Kg

EP1 = 0.8874 mL
C00 = 5.0188 g

· Sample preparation:

Weigh out accurately 5 g sample in an Erlenmeyer flask and add 50 mL of the glacial acetic acid / chloroform mixture. Then add 1 mL of the KI solution and shake during 5 s. Now allow the mixture to stand for about 1 min. in a dark place. After this, rinse the contents of the Erlenmeyer flask out into a beaker with 100 mL dist. water and immediately back-titrate the iodine thus liberated with sodium
thiosulphate. A blank control sample should be prepared and treated in the same way. Enter the blank value as C01. The sample must be stirred well during the titration, in order to obtain
a good emulsion.

Literature
· Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 141: Analysis of edible oils and fats.

Analisis NaCl dlm kaldu dg, Titrino/Titroprocessor

Alat yg digunakan

Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes =
6.0430.100 Ag Titrode amalgamated; input 1

Pereaksi
c
(AgNO3) = 0.1 mol/L; D0

Sample
20 mL sample solution
5 mL
c(HNO3) = 2 mol/L
30 mL dist. Water

Remarks
·
Calculations:

NaCl=EP1*C01*C02*C03/C00;2;%

NaCl = content of NaCl in broth in %
C00 = sample size (10 g / 100 = 0.1 g)
C01 = molecular mass of NaCl (58.44 g/mol)
C02 = concentration of titrating agent (0.1 mol/L)
C03 = factor for conversion mL Þ L and for % (0.001*100 = 0.1)

. Answer

NaCl = 8.070 x 58.44 x 0.1 x 0.1 / 0.1 = 47.16 %

EP1 = 8.070 mL
C00 = 0.1 g

· Sample preparation:
Dissolve 10 g (1 cube) conc. broth in 800 mL boiling dist. water. Rinse
this solution in a 2000 mL measuring flask. Allow to cool down and fill
up to the mark. Filter with a folded filter. Take 20 mL aliquots.

Literature
· Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 130: Chloride titrations with
potentiometric end-point indication.

Analisis angka asam (total acid number) dg potensiometer , Titrino/titroprocessor

Alat yg digunakan
Potentiometer = 751 GPD Titrino / Titroprocessor
Electrodes = 6.0133.100 pH glass electrode; input 1
6.0729.100 Ag/AgCl reference electrode ( LiCl sat in ethanol); input 2
6.0331.000 Pt auxiliary electrode; input Ref.
Differential potentiometry

Pereaksi
c(TBAOH) = 0.1 mol/L in isopropanol/methanol; D0
TBAOH = Tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide

Sampel
app. 1.5 g of used motor oil
50 mL solvent: chlorobenzene : isopropanol (2 : 1)

Remarks
· Calculations:

TAN=(EP1-C01)*C02*C03/C00;2;mg/g

TAN = acid of sample, calculated as mg KOH per g of sample
C01 = blank value, consumption of titrating agent by solvent mixture (0 mL)
C02 = concentration of titrating agent (0.1 mol/L)
C03 = molecular mass of KOH (56.106 g/mol)

. Answer

TAN = (0.680) x 0.1 x 56.106 / 1.6646 = 2.29 mg/g

EP1 = 0.680 mL
C00 = 1.6646 g

· Store glass electrode in dist. water over night. Before titrating,
precondition it in solvent during 10 - 30 min.
· The 6.0430.100 Ag Titrode may be used instead of the 6.0133.100
and 6.0331.000 electrodes. In this case, you make differential
potentiometry with only two electrodes, the Ag Titrode and the
6.0729.100 reference electrode.

Literature

· Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 80: Determination of the acid / base
number in petroleum products (TAN/TBN)
· ASTM D 2896 - 80
· DIN 51596

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